Abstracts of APG Vol. 56(2)
Invited article
Classification, Molecular Phylogeny,
Divergence Time, and Morphological Evolution of Pteridophytes with Notes on
Heterospory and Monophyletic and Paraphyletic Groups
MASAHIRO KATO*
Department of Biological Sciences,
Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Pteridophytes are
free-sporing vascular land plants that evolutionarily link bryophytes and seed
plants. Conventional, group (taxon)-based hierarchic classifications of
pteridophytes using phenetic characters are briefly reviewed. Review is also made
for recent tree-based cladistic analyses and molecular phylogenetic analyses
with increasingly large data sets of multiple genes (compared to single genes
in previous studies) and increasingly large numbers of species representing
major groups of pteridophytes (compared to particular groups in previous
studies), and it is extended to most recent analyses of estimating divergence
times of pteridophytes. These classifications, phylogenetics, and divergence time
estimates have improved our understanding of the diversity and historical
structure of pteridophytes. Heterospory is noted with reference to its origins,
endospory, fertilization, and dispersal. Finally, monophyletic and paraphyletic
groups recently proposed or re-recognized are briefly described.
Key words: classification,
divergence time estimate, ferns, heterospory, molecular phylogeny,
pteridophytes.
Claytosmunda; a New Subgenus of Osmunda (Osmundaceae)
YOKO YATABEP,
NORIAKI MURAKAMIP and KUNIO IWATSUKIQ
1Department
of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University,
Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; QThe Museum of Nature and Human
Activities, Hyogo, 6 Yayoigaoka, Sanda 669-1546, Japan
Infrageneric system of the genus Osmuda is revised and a subgenus, Claytosmunda, is proposed as a monotypic subgenus based
on Osmunda claytoniana.
Key words: Claytosmunda, new subgenus, Osmundaceae
Thismia mullerensis (Burmanniaceae), a New Species from
Muller Range, Central Kalimantan
HIROKAZU TSUKAYA
1,2,3* and HIROSHI OKADA4
1
National Institute for Basic Biology/Okazaki Institute for Integrated
Bioscience, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; 2 The Graduate
University for Advanced Studies, Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193,
Japan; 3 Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto
606-8502, Japan; 4 Botanical Gardens,
Faculty of Science, Osaka City University 2000 Kisaichi, Katano, Osaka
576-0004, Japan.
A new species of the genus Thismia (Burmanniaceae), T. mullerensis, is described and illustrated from Muller
Range, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. It appears to belong to sect. Euthismia
Schltr. (sect. Thismia ) in having inner perianth free, spreading
and roots vermiform, creeping, and to subsect. Odoardoa Schltr., having perianth lobes equal in
length and size. It most resembles T. alba that was collected in 1930 from Malay Peninsula and T.
lauriana reported from
Central Kalimantan in 1996, but differs in flower structure and color. This
species is the third species of the genus Thismia reported from Central Kalimantan.
Keywords: achlorophyllous, Burmanniaceae,
Central Kalimantan, flora, Malesia, new species, saprophyte, Thismia
mullerensis,
Musa beccarii (Musaceae) Varieties in Sabah, Northern
Borneo
MARKKU HÄKKINEN1* MONICA SULEIMAN 2 and JOHNNY GISIL 3
1University of Helsinki Botanical Garden. P. O. Box
44, Fin-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; 2, 3 Institute for Tropical Biology
and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
@
Musa beccarii Simmonds var. beccarii is re-described based on extensive field
studies in the Eastern part of Sabah, Malaysia. Then a new variety of wild
banana, Musa beccarii Simmonds
var. hottana Häkkinen, is described and illustrated. This extremely
rare new variety of was only found in one area at the lower Kinanbatangan
River, Eastern part of Sabah. It is also considered that Musa pigmaea M.Hotta nom. nud. from East Kalimantan,
Indonesia, might be the synonym or a closely related variety to the new
variety.
Key words: Borneo, Callimusa,
Musa, Musa beccarii, Musa beccarii var. becariii, Musa beccarii var. hottana, Musa pigmaea, wild bananas.
Molecular Phylogenetics of Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae) and allied Genera:
Re-evaluation of Generic Concepts
TOMOHISA YUKAWA1, KOICHI KITA2, TAKASHI
HANDA2, TOPIK HIDAYAT3 and MOTOMI ITO3
1Tsukuba Botanical
Garden, National Science Museum, Amakubo, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan; 2Institute of Agriculture and
Forestry, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan; 3Graduate
School of Arts and Science, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo, 153-8902,
Japan.
Molecular
phylogenetic analyses were performed using data sets derived from DNA sequences
of the plastid genome (matK and trnK introns) and the nuclear genome (rDNA ITS) in an
examination of relationships of all sections of Phalaenopsis and closely related genera. The
following insights were provided: (1) The genera Lesliea and Nothodoritis are nested within Phalaenopsis. (2) Phalaenopsis subgenus Aphyllae and section Esmeralda, often treated as the
independent genera Kingidium and Doritis respectively, are also nested within Phalaenopsis. (3) Two subgenera of Phalaenopsis, namely, Phalaenopsis and Parishianae, are not monophyletic. (4) Phalaenopsis sections Deliciosae, Stauroglottis, Amboinenses and Zebrinae are not monophyletic. (5)
Inconsistencies between the plastid and nuclear lineages indicate a hybrid
origin of Phalaenopsis minus and Phalaenopsis philippinensis. (6) In light of these
findings, and to accommodate phylogenetic integrity and stability in
nomenclature, we adopt a broadly defined Doritis characterized by the possession of four
pollinia, an explicit character state.
Key
words: Doritis, introgression, ITS, matK, molecular, Orchidaceae, Phalaenopsis, phylogenetics, trnK
Arabidopsis kamchatica (Fisch. ex DC.) K. Shimizu & Kudoh
and A. kamchatica subsp. kawasakiana (Makino) K. Shimizu & Kudoh,
New Combinations
KENTARO K.
SHIMIZU1,2*, SHINJI
FUJII3, KAROL MARHOLD4,5, KUNIAKI WATANABE6
and HIROSHI KUDOH6
1
Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, 3513 Gardner
Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; 2 Department of Botany, Faculty of
Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; 3 Division
of Human Environment, University of Human Environments, Motojuku, Okazaki,
Aichi 444-3503, JAPAN; 4 Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of
Science, Dúbravská cesta 14, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovak
Republic; 5 Department of Botany, Charles University,
Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic; 6Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kobe-University, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
New
combinations for two taxa, Arabidopsis kamchatica (Fisch. ex DC.) K. Shimizu & Kudoh and A. kamchatica subsp. kawasakiana (Makino) K. Shimizu & Kudoh, are
proposed. The lectotypes of both names were chosen. The former taxon was
previously recognized as either Arabis kamchatica, Cardaminopsis kamchatica or an infraspecific taxon under Arabis lyrata or Arabidopsis lyrata. The
latter was previously recognized as either Arabis kawasakiana, Arabis lyrata subsp. kawasakiana or a synonym of Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. kamchatica. We here report the bivalent nature of
meiotic chromosome of A. kamchatica subsp. kawasakiana, n = 16 II and 2n =
32. We also provide a molecular evidence of allotetraploidy using a nuclear
Chalcone Synthase (CHS)
sequence. In conjunction with former chromosomal and morphological studies, we
considered that both taxa should be placed under the genus Arabidopsis but distinct from Arabidopsis lyrata. Arabidopsis kamchatica will provide a unique opportunity for the
molecular genetic analysis of genome duplication, by utilizing the genetic and
genomic information on a model species Arabidopsis thaliana.
Keywords: Arabidopsis, Arabis, bivalent chromosome, Cardaminopsis, CHS, kamchatica, kawasakiana, lyrata, tetraploid
Genetic Status of Angelica
japonica
var. boninensis (Umbelliferae) Distributed in the Bonin
and the Daito Islands
AKIHIRO SEO1,
FUYUO NOBUSHIMA2 and NORIAKI MURAKAMI1
1Department of Botany, Graduate
School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; 2Ogasawara
village, Tokyo 100-2101, Japan
Three
infraspecific taxa, var. japonica, var. hirsutiflora, and var. boniensis, were
recognized in Angelica japonica by Yamazaki (1990). He considered that
var. boninensis is distributed both in the Bonin and the Daito
Islands. In this paper, in order to evaluate taxonomic status of var. boninensis, we examined
the populations of the three varieties on the basis of allozyme analysis. In
the obtained UPGMA dendrogram, three major clusters of the populations from the
following three areas were recognized: I) the southern part of Kyushu, the Hedo
population of Okinawa Island and the Daito Islands; II) the Bonin Islands; and
III) Okinawa Island and the Yaeyama Islands. The plant populations of the Daito
and the Bonin Islands, which were identified as var. boninensis by Yamazaki
(1990), were divided into two different clusters based on the UPGMA dendrogram.
The values of genetic identities among the three clusters were lower than the
mean values of those among conspecific plant populations. Differences in
leaflet shape coincided with these clusters. We concluded that the clusters I,
II, and III can be taxonomically treated as independent species Angelica
japonica
A. Gray, A. boninensis Tuyama, and A. hirsutiflora Liu, Chao et
Chung, respectively.
Key words:
allozyme, Angelica boninensis, Angelica hirsutiflora, Angelica
japonica,
Bonin Islands, Daito Islands, taxonomy
Molecular Phylogeny and Chromosomal Evolution of
Japanese Schoenoplectus (Cyperaceae),
Based on ITS and ETS 1f Sequences
OKIHITO YANO and TAKUJI HOSHINO
Department of Biosphere-Geosphere System Science,
Graduate School of Informatics, Okayama University of Science, Ridai-cho 1-1,
Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-0005, Japan.
ITS and ETS 1f sequence data were used to
estimate the phylogeny of 13 Japanese Schoenoplectus species, and karyomorphological
observations were made on 14 species of this genus. Two major clades were
identified in the Japanese Schoenoplectus molecular phylogenetic tree: (1) one including all
species of section Actaeogeton, and (2) the another comprising the two sections Malacogeton and Schoenoplectus. Phylogenetic analysis, including three
published species of section Schoenoplectus, supported a monophyly of the two major clades. These
molecular phylogenetic data also support the intrageneric relationships and
morphological characters of genus Schoenoplectus, as defined by Smith & Hayasaka (2001). The
section Actaeogeton
clade and the sections Malacogeton and Schoenoplectus clade showed the same chromosomal evolution; each
clade had both high and low chromosome numbers. The high chromosome numbers may arise by polyploidy
because chromosome sizes were almost equal in both. Therefore, chromosomal
evolution in the genus Schoenoplectus may be caused more by polyploidy more than aneuploidy.
In our study, the putative natural hybrids, S. ~ trapezoideus and S. ~ uzenensis were found. The chromosome number of S. ~ trapezoideus was 2n=43 and S. ~ uzenensis was 2n=58. These two hybrids had an intermediate chromosome number of both
putative parents.
Keywords: chromosomal evolution, Cyperaceae, Diffuse centromeric
chromosome, ITS and ETS 1f phylogeny, Schoenoplectus
Short
communication
Floral Scent Chemistry and Stamen Movement of Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link (Calycanthaceae)
HIROSHI AZUMA1, MASAO TOYOTA2
and YOSHINORI ASAKAWA2
1
Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto,
606-8502 Japan. 2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokushima Bunri
University, Tokushima, 770-8514 Japan.
The floral scent of Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link (Calycanthaceae; Magnoliids) was collected
by the headspace method and analyzed using gas chromatography - mass
spectrometry (GC-MS). The main components of the floral scents are benzyl
acetate (42.2 %), trans-b-ocimene (24.8 %), linalool (17.2 %), and benzyl
alcohol (6.9 %). These compounds are common in the scent profiles of many
plants throughout the angiosperms. In addition, the female and male stages
(phases) of the protogynous, drooping flowers of C. praecox f. concolor Makino were observed. In the female phase the stamens
are bent toward the tepals away from the pistils at a right angle. After
approximately two days the stamens commence to move to enclose the pistils. It
takes from one to four days for the stamens to eventually enclose the pistils
in the various flowers and then anthers shed their pollen.
Key words: fragrance, floral biology,
protogynous, volatiles, Magnoliids
Chromosome Observations in Species of Cayratia (Vitaceae).
II. Intraspecific Polyploidy in C. trifolia
HIROSHI OKADA1, HIROKAZU TSUKAYA2,
3, 4 and MARYATI MOHAMED5
1Botanical
Gardens, Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, 2000 Kisaichi, Katano,
Osaka 576-0004, Japan; 2National Institute for Basic Biology/Center
for Integrative Bioscience, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; 3The Graduate
University for Advanced Studies, Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193,
Japan; 4Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto
606-8502, Japan; 5Institute
for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
The chromosome numbers of two species of Cayratia (Vitaceae) are reported. Cayratia japonica var. mollis had a diploid number of 2n=40, while C. trifolia was found to have both diploids of 2n=40 and tetraploids of 2n=80.
Keywords: Cayratia japonica var. mollis, Cayratia trifolia, chromosome number, intraspecific
polyploidy, Vitaceae
* Present address: Department of Botany,
National Science Museum, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan.
@ This article is formed from the presentation
as one of contributions for the International Symposium 2004, Asian Plant
Diversity and Systematics, held at Sakura, Chiba, Japan on July 29 –
August 2, 2004.
* e-mail: tsukaya@nibb.ac.jp
* Corresponding author. E-mail: markku.hakkinen@kymp.net
* correspondence should be addressed (email: kshimizu@ncsu.edu)